Compressed gas personal protection device

ABSTRACT

A hand carryable, non-lethal personal protection device using compressed gas for operation. In some embodiments the device uses the compressed gas to create and shoot a vortex of air at the target. In other embodiments, the compressed gas can be used to shoot a burst of atomized water at the attacker. In still other embodiments the device uses the compressed gas to shoot ammunition, such as a ring airfoil, O-ring, bean bag, or other non-lethal blunt trauma munitions at the target. In still further embodiments, the device is modular in its construction, and can be used to apply the compressed gas to various different attachments.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/785,041, filed Mar. 14, 2013,incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the present invention pertain to methods andapparatus for actuatable pressure vessels, and in some embodiments topressure vessels used with non-lethal weapons.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditional and practical non-lethal weapon technology has grown out ofconventional small arms ammunition technology. This outgrowth hasresulted in development of projectiles and technology that preventspenetration similar to what happens with a bulletproof vest andconventional lethal penetration ammunition. Using a blunt or padded orcushioned projectile to impact the target produces a deterrent painresponse without penetration injury. This functions by the contractpressure of impact creating a pain response in the nervous system. Theseare traditionally called “Blunt Impact Technologies”: Blunt impact isused to describe the effect produced by existing rudimentary munitionssuch as rubber bullets, sting balls and bean bag rounds as well as moresophisticated non-lethal munitions carrying other payloads.

While generally effective, blunt impact technologies are limited inrange and often have a higher risk of injury as compared to otherstimuli. The worldwide development efforts of militaries and policeforces research and development organizations are now focused onexploring alternative methods to deliver blunt impact effects at longranges while minimizing the risk of injury at short ranges.

Non-lethal projectiles must meet a variety of conflicting requirements.They should be fired from existing weapons to prevent the peopleinterested in self-defense, police and warfighters from carryingadditional load and to prevent the need for additional weaponsprocurement. They should provide the desired affect at a variety ofranges. They should be lightweight to lower the burden on the user ofcarrying this additional capability. Above all they should be non-lethalat all distances, even near the exit the muzzle.

Existing projectile based Blunt Impact Technologies, such as beanbagrounds; rubber bullets and sponge rounds that rely on mass and velocityto create the desired effect are unable to meet these variedrequirements. The problem is that the size and shape of theseprojectiles necessitate a relatively high initial velocity and/or massin order to travel to the effective range. This high initial velocitycombined with their mass in excess of 15 grams creates deep tissueinjuries and may cause death or serious injury at short ranges. Usuallyeven the best and lightest have masses of 30 g or more with frontalcross sectional density of 2.4 g/cm². The lack of aerodynamics of theseblunt trauma solutions cause them to be ineffective at ranges in excessof 50 meters. Lighter rounds have been developed for pistols andshotguns, but these rounds even more so lack range.

What is needed are improvements to the technology of non-lethal weapons.The inventions described herein do this in novel and unobvious ways. Asused herein, the term “non-lethal” refers to weapons that are designedand/or operated so as to greatly reduce the probability of the dischargeof the weapon either killing a person or creating permanent injury to anaverage person. Because of the wide range of operational uses, ambientconditions, and characteristics of the target, it is not possible forthe devices disclosed herein to be non-lethal all of the time. It isunderstood that the use herein of the term “non-lethal” is inaccuratefor these reasons, and the weapons disclosed herein are better describedas “less-lethal.”

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It will be appreciated that the various apparatus and methods describedin this application can be expressed as a large number of differentcombinations and subcombinations. All such useful, novel, and inventivecombinations and subcombinations are contemplated herein, it beingrecognized that the explicit expression of each of these combinations isunnecessary.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some of the figures shown herein may include dimensions. Further, someof the figures shown herein may have been created from scaled drawingsor from photographs that are scalable. It is understood that suchdimensions, or the relative scaling within a figure, are by way ofexample, and not to be construed as limiting.

FIG. 1 shows an air blast launcher according to one embodiment of thepresent invention, as a line drawing and sectional view taken down thecenterline.

FIG. 1a shows an air blast launcher side photographic representation ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1b shows an air blast launcher detail top photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1c shows an air blast launcher front photographic representation ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1d shows an air blast launcher back photographic representation ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1e shows an air blast launcher back, charge indicator minimumphotographic representation of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1f shows an air blast launcher safety recess photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1g shows an air blast launcher between safe and fire photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1h shows an air blast launcher initiation button on fire positionphotographic representation of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows an air blast launcher nozzle assembly from the apparatus ofFIG. 1, and as shown as a line drawing and cross section taken down thelongitudinal centerline.

FIG. 2a shows an air blast launcher nozzle assembly front photographicrepresentation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2b shows an air blast launcher nozzle assembly back photographicrepresentation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2c shows an air blast launcher nozzle assembly side photographicrepresentation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2d shows an air blast launcher nozzle assembly parts photographicrepresentation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2e shows an air blast launcher barrel assembly from the apparatusof FIG. 1, and as shown as a line drawing and cross section taken downthe longitudinal centerline.

FIG. 2f shows an air blast launcher barrel assembly top photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 2 e.

FIG. 2g shows an air blast launcher barrel assembly front photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 2 e.

FIG. 2h shows an air blast launcher barrel assembly back photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 2 e.

FIG. 2i shows an air blast launcher barrel assembly parts photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 2 e.

FIG. 2j shows an air blast launcher nipple assembly from the apparatusof FIG. 1, and as shown as a line drawing and cross section taken downthe longitudinal centerline.

FIG. 2k shows an air blast launcher nipple assembly side photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 2 j.

FIG. 2l shows an air blast launcher nipple assembly front photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 2 j.

FIG. 2m shows close-up photographic representations of portions of thehardware of FIG. 2 i.

FIG. 2n is a photographic representation of the apparatus of FIG. 2mwith the ring attached.

FIG. 3 shows an air blast launcher initiation detailed cross sectionalview of the apparatus of FIG. 1 during a first stage of operation.

FIG. 4 shows an air blast launcher air blast release detailed crosssectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 during a next stage ofoperation.

FIG. 5 shows an air blast launcher air blast ring vortex createddetailed cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 during a nextstage of operation.

FIG. 6 shows an air blast launcher Ultra Low Mass Projectile (ULMP)Oring detailed cross sectional representation of an apparatus accordingto another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows an air blast launcher ULMP Oring launch detailed crosssectional line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 6 during a next stage ofoperation.

FIG. 8 shows a water mist attachment bottle and sleeve detailed crosssectional line drawing of an apparatus according to another embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 8d shows a water mist launcher attachment water bottle in sleevephotographic representation, useful in the apparatus of FIG. 8.

FIG. 8e shows a water mist launcher attachment bottle membrane sealphotographic representation, useful in the apparatus of FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 shows a water mist launcher attachment on an air blast launcherdetailed cross sectional line drawing of an apparatus according toanother invention, in cross sectional view taken through a longitudinalaxis of symmetry.

FIG. 9c shows a water mist launcher attachment Installation on the airblast launcher photographic representation of the apparatus of FIG. 9.

FIG. 10 shows a water mist launcher attachment on the air blast launcherinitiation detailed cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 9shown during the next stage of operation.

FIG. 11 shows a water mist launcher attachment on the air blast launcherair blast release detailed cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG.9 shown during the next stage of operation.

FIG. 12 shows a water mist launcher attachment on the air blast launcherwater mist launch detailed cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG.9 shown during the next stage of operation.

FIG. 12a shows a water mist launcher attachment ruptured bottle bottomside photographic representation of a portion of the apparatus of FIG.12 after operation.

FIG. 12b shows a water mist launcher attachment ruptured bottle bottomfront photographic representation of a portion of the apparatus of FIG.12 after operation.

FIG. 13a shows a water mist launcher attachment aluminum billet sleeveside photographic representation of an apparatus according to anotherembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13b shows a water mist launcher attachment aluminum billet sleevefront photographic representation of an apparatus according to anotherembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13d shows a water mist launcher attachment aluminum billet sleevewith shoulder mounting side photographic representation of the apparatusof FIG. 13a combined with an apparatus according to another embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 13e shows a water mist launcher attachment aluminum billet sleevewith shoulder mounting with the air blast launcher side photographicrepresentation of the apparatus of FIG. 13d combined with an apparatusaccording to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13f shows a water mist launcher attachment aluminum billet sleevewith shoulder mounting with the air blast launcher trigger detailedphotographic representation of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 13 e.

FIG. 14 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment detailed cross sectionalline drawing taken down the centerline of an apparatus according toanother embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherdetailed cross sectional line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 14attached to an apparatus according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 16 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherinitiation detailed line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 15 during anext stage of operation.

FIG. 17 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherair blast release detailed line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 15during a next stage of operation.

FIG. 18 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherstart of projectile launch detailed line drawing of the apparatus ofFIG. 15 during a next stage of operation.

FIG. 19 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherprojectile separation detailed line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 15during a next stage of operation.

FIG. 20 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherstopping sabot detailed line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 15 duringa next stage of operation.

FIG. 21 shows a ULMP ring airfoil attachment on the air blast launcherprojectile in flight detailed line drawing of the apparatus of FIG. 15during a next stage of operation.

ELEMENT NUMBERING

The following is a list of element numbers and at least one word used todescribe that element. It is understood that none of the embodimentsdisclosed herein are limited to these words, and these element numberscan further pertain to other words that would be understood by a personof ordinary skill reading and reviewing this disclosure in its entirety.

 1 sharp edge  2 outer flow nozzle member  3 inner flow nozzle member  4barrel assembly; pressure vessel  5 nozzle assembly  6 nipple assembly 7 valve rod; plug  8 pressure vessel 8-74 shoulder  9 valve stop; plug10 valve seal 11 pressure vessel seal 12 nipple seal 13 stop buffer 14valve screw 15 seal seat 16 valve ball 17 charging spring 18 chargingpassage 19 fill passage 20 charging recess 21 initiation passage 22initiation recess 23 charging volume 24 nozzle 25 screw mount 26 safetysleeve 27 body sleeve; handle 28 barrel 29 initiation button; trigger 30button spring 31 initiation ball 32 initiation pin; travel stop  32arecess 33 safety ball 34 safety insert 35 body retainer ring 36 safetystop screw 37 safety stop pin 38 safety stop ball 39 detent ball 40detent spring 41 attachment mount 42 detent recess 43 attachment mountretainer ring 44 nipple assembly retainer ring 45 nipple retainer groove46 attachment mount groove 47 ball recess 48 initiation pin passage 49initiation ball passage 50 adjustment passage 51 screw attachment thread52 threaded passage 53 safety stop passage 54 body retainer groove 55initiation nipple; plug 56 spring retainer 57 body plug 58 nipple mount59 rupture disk 60 disk shear support 61 pressure indicating springassembly 62 body plug seal 63 spring retainer ring 64 spring retainerseal 65 nipple passage 66 shear support passage 67 rupture passage 68lanyard passage 69 pressure indicating groove 70 body plug seal groove71 spring retainer groove 72 nipple mount groove 73 initiation volume 74stop shoulder 75 nozzle passage 76 expansion passage 77 straight gasflow 78 ring vortex 79 O-ring ultra low mass projectile 80 water bottle81 water space 82 attachment thread 83 membrane seal; frangible 84bottle support sleeve 85 bottle neck passage 86 support space 87 bottlemount passage 88 water mist attachment accessary 89 aerated water 90turbulent flow 91 bottle bottom 92 stop screw 93 nose cover; frangiblecap 94 inner sabot 95 guide rod 96 ring airfoil glider projectile;munition 97 mounting case; housing 98 outer sabot 99 rod mounting means100  inlet flow director 101  attachment mounting thread 102  inlet flowpassage 103  seal lip 104  pressure release passage 105  projectilemount snap groove 106  projectile snap groove 107  outer sabot stop rib108  outer sabot stop shoulder 109  rifling 110  inner sabot stop rib111  case sealing edge 112  nose cover groove 113  folding ridge 114 rod stop shoulder 115  stop screw thread 116  nose cover mountingpassage 117  rod flow director 118  expansion space 119  folded petal120  inner sabot rod passage

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of theinvention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated inthe drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. Itwill nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of theinvention is thereby intended, such alterations and furthermodifications in the illustrated device, and such further applicationsof the principles of the invention as illustrated therein beingcontemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to whichthe invention relates. At least one embodiment of the present inventionwill be described and shown, and this application may show and/ordescribe other embodiments of the present invention. It is understoodthat any reference to “the invention” is a reference to an embodiment ofa family of inventions, with no single embodiment including anapparatus, process, or composition that should be included in allembodiments, unless otherwise stated. Further, although there may bediscussion with regards to “advantages” provided by some embodiments ofthe present invention, it is understood that yet other embodiments maynot include those same advantages, or may include yet differentadvantages. Any advantages described herein are not to be construed aslimiting to any of the claims. The usage of words indicating preference,such as “preferably,” refers to features and aspects that are present inat least one embodiment, but which are optional for some embodiments.

The use of an N-series prefix for an element number (NXX.XX) refers toan element that is the same as the non-prefixed element (XX.XX), exceptas shown and described. As an example, an element 1020.1 would be thesame as element 20.1, except for those different features of element1020.1 shown and described. Further, common elements and common featuresof related elements may be drawn in the same manner in differentfigures, and/or use the same symbology in different figures. As such, itis not necessary to describe the features of 1020.1 and 20.1 that arethe same, since these common features are apparent to a person ofordinary skill in the related field of technology. Further, it isunderstood that the features 1020.1 and 20.1 may be backward compatible,such that a feature (NXX.XX) may include features compatible with othervarious embodiments (MXX.XX), as would be understood by those ofordinary skill in the art. This description convention also applies tothe use of prime (′), double prime (″), and triple prime (′″) suffixedelement numbers. Therefore, it is not necessary to describe the featuresof 20.1, 20.1′, 20.1″, and 20.1″ that are the same, since these commonfeatures are apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the related fieldof technology.

Although various specific quantities (spatial dimensions, temperatures,pressures, times, force, resistance, current, voltage, concentrations,wavelengths, frequencies, heat transfer coefficients, dimensionlessparameters, etc.) may be stated herein, such specific quantities arepresented as examples only, and further, unless otherwise explicitlynoted, are approximate values, and should be considered as if the word“about” prefaced each quantity. Further, with discussion pertaining to aspecific composition of matter, that description is by example only, anddoes not limit the applicability of other species of that composition,nor does it limit the applicability of other compositions unrelated tothe cited composition.

What will be shown and described herein, along with various embodimentsof the present invention, is discussion of one or more tests that wereperformed. It is understood that such examples are by way of exampleonly, and are not to be construed as being limitations on any embodimentof the present invention. Further, it is understood that embodiments ofthe present invention are not necessarily limited to or described by themathematical analysis presented herein.

Various references may be made to one or more processes, algorithms,operational methods, or logic, accompanied by a diagram showing suchorganized in a particular sequence. It is understood that the order ofsuch a sequence is by example only, and is not intended to be limitingon any embodiment of the invention.

This document may use different words to describe the same elementnumber, or to refer to an element number in a specific family offeatures (NXX.XX). It is understood that such multiple usage is notintended to provide a redefinition of any language herein. It isunderstood that such words demonstrate that the particular feature canbe considered in various linguistical ways, such ways not necessarilybeing additive or exclusive.

What will be shown and described herein are one or more functionalrelationships among variables. Specific nomenclature for the variablesmay be provided, although some relationships may include variables thatwill be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art for theirmeaning. For example, “t” could be representative of temperature ortime, as would be readily apparent by their usage. However, it isfurther recognized that such functional relationships can be expressedin a variety of equivalents using standard techniques of mathematicalanalysis (for instance, the relationship F=ma is equivalent to therelationship F/a=m). Further, in those embodiments in which functionalrelationships are implemented in an algorithm or computer software, itis understood that an algorithm-implemented variable can correspond to avariable shown herein, with this correspondence including a scalingfactor, control system gain, noise filter, or the like.

Various embodiments of the present invention pertain to a hand carryabledevice that uses a stored charge of compressed gas, the compressed gaswhen released operating an end effector. The end effector can be anydevice that is adapted and configured to use compressed gas to create anon-lethal effect. Various embodiments shown herein, as examples, willillustrate end effectors that create and direct a toroidal gas vortex,create a propelled mist of liquid, or launch solid projectiles.

Preferably, the compressed gas is stored in a pressure vessel within thedevice. In some embodiments, the gas is air pressurized to more than 200psig (as measured at standard temperature and pressure conditions); instill further embodiments the gas pressure is more than 500 psig; and inyet other embodiments the gas pressure is more than 1000 psig. However,in yet other embodiments the compressed gas is created by the explosionof a mixture of a fuel and oxidizer. Although these explosiveembodiments could have combustion chambers different than thepressurized assemblies shown herein, these embodiments can nonethelessuse any of the end effectors shown and described herein.

Some embodiments utilize a pressurized assembly that is repeatedlyrechargeable and reusable to power the non-lethal weapon. In someembodiments, there is a pressurized assembly that includes a centralpressure vessel having proximal and distal openings, and a repeatedlyseparable, moveable plug in each aperture. As used herein, the term“proximal” refers to a direction closer to the user, and the word“distal” referring to a direction away from the user. For example, thenon-lethal munitions discussed herein are launched from the distal endof the weapon. Further, the term “aft” refers to a direction the same asthe proximal direction, and the term “fore” or “forward” generallyrefers to the direction that is the same as the distal direction. It isunderstood, however, to those of ordinary skill in the art that theremay be some descriptions herein in which a different definition of theseterms is correct.

In some embodiments, the pressurized assembly includes a proximal plug,a portion of which is received within (and sealed to) the proximal endof the central pressure vessel. This proximal plug is preferablyinterconnected to a distal plug that is received within the distalaperture of the pressure vessel. When the weapon is in a safe or storagecondition, both the proximal and distal plugs are sealing theirrespective apertures. In those embodiments where the proximal and distalplugs are connected within the pressure vessel, the internal connectionis preferably placed in a state of tension because of the difference inpressure between the interior chamber of the pressure vessel, andambient conditions. However, in such embodiments, the pressure vesselitself does not have to react to the loads created by the pressuredifference across the plugs.

In such embodiments, the distal and proximal plugs are preferablyinterconnected, such that the relative sliding motion of the proximalplug relative to the pressure vessel results in relative motion of thedistal plug relative to the pressure vessel. This relative motion at thedistal plug releases pressure from the distal end of the pressurizedassembly, and the weapon is adapted and configured to provide thepressure to an end effector.

In this embodiment and as shown herein, the proximal plug and the distalplug of the pressurized assembly move in a forward direction relative tothe pressure vessel. However, it is understood by those of ordinaryskill in the art that other embodiments of the present invention are notso constrained, and instead include pressure vessels that move aftrelative to a stationary set of interconnected proximal and distalplugs.

Preferably, the distal aperture of the pressure vessel and the distalaperture of the pressure vessel and the sealing end of the distal plugare adapted and configured such that after relative movement (i.e.,relative movement of the forward plug and pressure vessel to releasecompressed gas), a diverging nozzle is created. This divergence can beestablished in terms of diverging angular relationships (as measuredfrom the centerline of the pressure vessel), by a change in the crosssectional area of the gas flowpath in the direction of gas flow, or acombination of these. It is understood that in some embodiments there isa pressure difference between the gas within the internal chamber of thepressure vessel and ambient conditions that is more than about 2 to 1,such that the flow of gas between the distal aperture and the distalplug is choked. In those embodiments in which the distal plug and distalopening form a divergent nozzle, it is understood that this chokingcondition will create supersonic flow of the gas. As that supersonic gasflows into the end effector, the gas velocity decreases to below Mach 1,and this deceleration of the gas can create a shockwave. In thoseembodiments in which the end effector releases this shockwave, the noiseof the shockwave provides a non-lethal deterrent effect at the target.

In yet another embodiment, the weapon includes a pressurized assemblythat is slidably movable relative to the handle. Preferably, thispressurized assembly includes a pressure vessel with fore and aftapertures, an aft plug in the aft aperture, and a forward plug in theforward aperture. This assembly can slide along the longitudinal axis ofthe weapon, relative to the handle. In the safe or storage condition theassembly is maintained in place by a positionally-locking triggermechanism. When the trigger mechanism is moved to fire the weapon, thepositional lock is released, and the pressurized assembly can translateto a firing position. This translational movement of the pressurizedassembly is limited in one direction by the positional lock of thetrigger mechanism, and in the other direction by interfering contactwith another component of the weapon (which could be an abuttingshoulder or another trigger-actuated lock, as examples).

In this embodiment, when the pressure vessel is in the aftmost, safeposition, there is a pressure differential acting within another chambercreated between the aft plug and another component of the weapon. Thepressure in this aft chamber provides a biasing force that pushes thepressurized assembly toward the forward direction. This pressure load isreacted by the locking feature of the trigger mechanism. When this lockis removed, the pressure in the aftmost chamber is able to push thepressurized vessel forward. Although what is shown and described hereinis an aft plug that is biased forward by a relatively low pressuredifferential in an aft chamber, it is also recognized that this forwardbiasing force could also be created by a mechanical spring actingbetween the aft plug and another component of the weapon.

In still further embodiments, the weapon including the translatingpressurized assembly discussed above further includes a third plug thatis preferably at a fixed location relative to the pressurized assembly.The aft plug includes an aperture that is in fluid communication withthe higher differential pressure of the chamber within the pressurevessel. In the safe position, the third plug seals the flow aperture ofthe aft plug. This seal prevents the application of the higher pressureto the chamber created between the aft plug and the interior of theweapon. As discussed above, in the safe mode this aftmost chamber ispressurized to a lower pressure than the higher pressure of the pressurevessel, and therefore creates a relatively small axial load that isreacted against the locking mechanism.

However, when the pressurized assembly translates forward, the thirdplug comes out of a sealing engagement with the aperture of the aftplug, thus permitting high pressure gas from the pressure vessel to flowinto the aft chamber. Therefore, the pressure from the internal chamberof the pressure vessel is now applied on both sides of the aft plug. Thepressure differential across the forward plug creates a forward-directedforce on the attached pair of aft and rear plugs, such that theseattached plugs are pulled forward (relative to the pressure vessel) withreleases gas from the forward opening of the pressure vessel.

In one embodiment of the present invention there is an end effector thatcreates a blast of air directed at the target. In some embodiments, theend effector includes a divergent nozzle that creates a toroidal vortexof air that is able to maintain its identity and traverse a distancepreferably of tens of feet to hit the target. When the vortex hits thetarget, the higher circulating velocity within the torus can create anuncomfortable scrubbing effect on the target. Still further, in someembodiments, the vortex has sufficient mass and velocity to strike thetarget and apply a lower frequency static pressure to the target.

In some embodiments, the formation of the vortex is enhanced by a suddenrelease of pressure. Various embodiments of the present inventioninclude a pressure vessel having a movable plug, wherein the movableplug can be actuated to open an aperture in the pressure vessel in lessthan about one-tenth of a second. In still further embodiments, theformation of the vortex is enhanced by releasing pressure that is morethan about twice ambient pressure. Various embodiments of the presentinvention achieve this and some embodiments include pressure vesselsthat are capable of holding up to 3000 psig, which achieves a pressureratio across the pressure vessel aperture of about 200. In still furtherembodiments, it has been found that the vortex is enhanced by a sharpedge or other disturbance (similar to boundary layer tripping features)placed within a divergent nozzle. In some embodiments, there is a sharpedge near the exit (on either the inner nozzle member or outer nozzlemember). In some embodiments, this sharp edge protrudes the otherwisesmooth surface of the nozzle by about one one-hundredths of an inch toabout one-tenth of an inch. A more preferable range in some embodimentsis from four hundredths to six hundredths of height. Preferably, theedge is relatively sharp, and in some embodiments has a cross sectionalshape that is rectangular or triangular. However, in still furtherembodiments it has been found that a rounded lip is also useful inenhancing the vortex.

Still further embodiments of the present invention include a divergentnozzle as an end effector. Preferably, the outer flowpath of the nozzlediverges (relative to the centerline of the pressure vessel) at a firstangle, and the inner surface of the nozzle diverges at a second angle,the first angle being greater than the second angle. However, and instill further embodiments either of the outer surface of the nozzleflowpath or the inner surface of the nozzle flowpath can be generallyparallel to the centerline of the pressure vessel, with the other nozzleflow surface having the diverging angle.

Still further embodiments of the present invention pertain to apressurized assembly capable of being repeatedly rechargeable with gassuch as air. Preferably, the pressurized assembly includes connectedfore and aft plugs that are received within fore and aft opening,respectively, of a pressure vessel. The pressurized assembly is slidableon the weapon relative to a handle of the weapon. Still further in someembodiments, the connected fore and aft plugs are connected to eachother, such that they move as a unit relative to the pressure vessel.After the pressurized assembly has discharged its gas, the assembly hastranslated forward on the weapon, and further the interconnected foreand aft plugs have translated forward relative to the pressure vessel.The user can reset the position of the plug relative to the pressurevessel by pushing the forward face of the forward plug in an aftdirection, thus seating the interconnected plugs relative to thepressure vessel. After doing so, the position of the pressure vesselwill be locked relative to the weapon by the locking mechanism of thetrigger mechanism. This permits the trigger mechanism to be reset to thesafe condition.

With the pressure vessel of the pressurized assembly now being at thesafe location (but still unpressurized), the user actuates a check valvein the forward plug and introduces pressurized gas into the pressurevessel into the forward plug check valve and flow passages. In someembodiments the further introduction of gas pressure will also cause theinterconnected fore and aft plugs to slide aft relative to the pressurevessel, thus place placing fore and aft plugs at the safe position. Inyet other embodiments, the fore and aft plugs can be manually pushed aftto the safe location. When the aft plug is in the safe location, thethird plug comes into contact with the aft face of the aft plug, thusproviding pressure to the spring loaded pressure indicator 61.

Some of the same components have been created for the weapon as a meansof only launching a blast of air or compressed gas along with a loudsound to stun and intimidate rather than injure. Various embodiments ofthe present invention do this by distraction created by the sound andimpact of a safe ring vortex of air or gas. Additionally, the weapon hasattachment accessories which may be added to use the air blast to propela ring type non-lethal ultra low mass blunt trauma projectile of severaltypes including rubber O-rings which produce a painful welt withoutbruising, along with the ring vortex and loud sound; a water mistprojectile consisting of a large ball of water droplets to produce awhole body blunt trauma impact and loud sound of the air device, and; tolaunch a long range ring airfoil glider ultra low mass blunt traumaprojectile with very low human vulnerability and injury effect whichproduces a similar welt on the skin and surface tissues as the O-rings,but at much longer ranges.

The materials of construction of the device in some embodiments caninclude materials having high strength, except for the resilient seals,flow directors buffers and ‘projectiles’. Either metal or high strengthcomposites may be used for appropriate parts. The attachments such asthe ring airfoil launching mechanism can be made of high strength moldedplastics as well as the ring airfoil projectiles.

The angles of flow directors and expansion spaces are well understood inengineering of pulse jets, pulse rockets and ramjets the angles hereinare generally under 14 degrees divergence for the preferred embodiment.The capacity of the device as to quantity and pressure of air is to thedevice disclosed herein as a preferred embodiment are 2 cubic inches of3000 psig gas or air. However, it is understood that the aforementionedparameters are applicable to some embodiments, but not limiting to otherembodiments.

New generation blunt trauma weapons as described herein meet the demandsfor long range effectiveness and short range safety, which until now,have been mutually exclusive in past generations of blunt forceprojectile based non-lethal weapons. A solution in some embodiments isto have a lighter aerodynamic round that travels at a higher velocity.These new generation weapons combine Ultra Low Mass, high unit contactpressure and large effective impact area to achieve this much neededcapability for military and police population control missions. UltraLow Mass in some embodiments can be considered as having frontal crosssectional density of 0.8 g/cm² and less. In some embodiments this isused with a weapon with a 37-40 mm bore size will have a projectile massof less than 9 g. The impact face of the projectile is large enough tospread the contact area at impact to minimize risk of injury whilegenerating high levels of pain response. This performance also resultsin minimal risk of injury due to deep tissue bruising common of otherblunt force trauma munitions.

Additionally, this low mass projectile should have sufficientaerodynamic characteristics to fly to the desired target on a straighttrajectory with minimal loss in velocity. A typical service small armsprojectile has sectional density of 21 g/cm² and a pointed shaperesulting in several hundred meters of effective range. Some blunttrauma projectiles have a blunt round nose shape and a sectional densityfor flight of 2.4 g/cm² which limits effective range to around 40 meters. . . albeit the former is lethal and the latter is non-lethal.

The ultra-low mass non-lethal can be useful in encounters when employedin a secondary weapon like a grenade launcher attachment to the standardservice weapon. However, the problem of distance and overcoming thelethal danger space of conventional small arms still effects itspracticality over the entire spectrum of missions where a non-lethalwould be very useful. That is where the concept of dual density isemployed.

FIG. 1 shows a self-defense apparatus according to one embodiment of thepresent invention, shows a preferably sharp edge 1 used to causeturbulence in the outer diameter of the air blast created by thelauncher to start the creation of a ring vortex from the gas flow beingreleased between the outer flow nozzle 2 and the inner flow nozzle 3.The Launcher is made of three assemblies including a barrel assembly 4containing a nozzle assembly 5 and a nipple assembly 6. The launcher isused to store and release a charge of compressed gas to create an airblast effect and loud sound for self-defense, and to power variousaccessory attachments.

FIGS. 1a-1h are photographic representations of the device shown inFIG. 1. This view shows the launcher that is approximately 6 inches longand between 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter so to be held in the hand foruse. It is shaped as a small flashlight to provide easy of handling andpointing. And, it is heavy enough to be used as a small club forself-defense.

FIG. 1b shows the launcher with directional arrows pointing in thedirection of launch of the air blast and the safe and fire positions foroperation of the launcher.

FIG. 1c shows the front end of the bare launcher without any attachmentassessor which can be mounted to this end. An internal threaded couplingcan be seen on the interior of barrel assembly 4. The air blast isreleased from this end in an annular shape.

FIG. 1d shows a photograph of the back end of the bare launcher that maybe used to break car windows to gain egress or ingress to the vehicleand other uses.

FIG. 1e shows a Back, Charge Indicator minimum photograph detailing theair pressure charge level, which can be determined by the user formaintenance and other purposes.

FIG. 1f shows a Safety Recess. The device has tactile interface for theuser to determine without looking whether the device is locked in a safeoperating position and cannot be fired or the air blast released.

FIG. 1g shows the larger diameter of the device can be rotated to obtaina safe and locked or a ready to fire position by position of the largerend of the device (the device being shown at an intermediate positionbetween Safe and Fire.

FIG. 1h shows the Initiation Button on Fire Position. The launcher is inthe ready to use or fire state whereupon it can release the air blastwhen operated by the user.

FIG. 2 shows the Nozzle Assembly Detail 5. The nozzle assembly of thelauncher includes pressure vessel 8 with a valve stop 9 installed to itslarger back opening. Valve stop 9 has a valve rod 7 fixed to it by ascrew thread or other attachment means. The pressure vessel 8 is sealedto the valve stop 9 with a pressure vessel seal 11 typically made up ofan O-ring seal.

The valve rod 7 is sealed along a forward nozzle 24 opening in thepressure vessel 8, with another sealing means such as a valve seal 10made up of typically an O-ring. This forms a charge volume 23 betweenthe inner surface of vessel 8, front surfaces of valve stop 9, and outersurface of rod 7, for storage of compressed gas used to power thelauncher. The valve rod 7 has a charging recess 20 in its forward endhousing a gas charging means similar to a Schrader valve-type mechanism.This charging mechanism includes a charging passage 18 through a valvescrew 14 used for retaining the charging mechanism, which includes aseal seat 15 (including typically a PTFE plastic or other seal material)to create a seal with a valve ball 16. Ball 16 is mounted in the recessbehind the seal and held against the seal with a charging spring 17 toform an initial seal until the gas pressure in the charge volume storedin the device (in communication with the recess through at least onefill passage, typically a drilled hole the rod in the assembly) is highenough to self-seal the device. A screw mount 25 on the valve rod may beused to attach the device to a pressure charging means similar to how atire valve works, or may be used to mount an attachment accessory to therod.

The aft end of the valve rod has an initiation recess 22 in itcommunicating with the charge volume by at least one initiation passage21, in the rod which is typically a drilled hole in the rod. Between thevalve rod and the valve stop is a nipple seal 12 including typically ofan O-ring for sealing the back of the nozzle assembly. A stop buffer 13typically consisting of an O-ring or other resilient device cushions thevalve stop and the pressure vessel when the launcher is fired. Thestructural components of the nozzle assembly are made from typicallymetal or other strong material to contain a high gas pressure typicallyin the order of 3000 psig stored in the launcher for long periods oftime. However, in yet other embodiments the pressure stored is less, andthe storage period may be for a short period of time.

FIG. 2a is a photograph view of the forward end of the assembled nozzleassembly 5, showing the charging passage 18 and valve screw threads 14.FIG. 2b is a photograph view of the aft end of the nozzle assembly 5,showing the aft-facing chamber of valve stop 9, as well as the aperturewithin valve stop 9 that is provided pressurized gas from initiationrecess 22. FIG. 2c is a photograph view of the side of the nozzleassembly, the assembly including valve stop 9 inserted into the aft endof pressure vessel 8, with the forwardmost end of rod 7 extending fromthe forward end of pressure vessel 8. The exterior pressure vessel 8further includes the recess 32 a that receives initiation pin 32 duringoperation. Also shown is the forward facing shoulder 8-74 that abutsagainst stop shoulder 74 during operation. FIG. 2d is a photograph viewof the component parts of the nozzle assembly 5, showing rod 7, pressurevessel 8, and valve stop 9.

FIG. 2e shows the assembled barrel assembly 4 of the launcher. Thebarrel assembly 4 is made up of a barrel 28 attached to a body sleeve 27by a press fit. A body retainer ring 35 mounted in a body retainergroove 54 in the barrel and the body sleeve provide structure forholding the operating components of the launcher.

The barrel 28 contains an initiation button 29 in a button recess hole47 that has a button spring mounted and pushing outward from the recess47. The button recess is adjacent an initiation ball passage 49containing an initiation ball 31 in which is mounted in an initiationball passage 49. The initiation ball 31 abuts against and prevents themovement of an initiation pin 32 against the button when the launcher isnot being operated.

Further, the pin is retained in the aft direction from movement by asafety ball 33 mounted in the initiation ball passage, ball 33 beingheld in place by a safety insert 34 while the launcher is on safe. Thesafety insert includes at least one passage in it to release the ballwhen the launcher is fired. Also mounted in the barrel is a safety stopball 38 held against the safety insert by a safety stop pin 53 and asafety stop screw 36. Both pin 53 and screw 36 are received within apassage in the barrel, and a clearance recess in the body sleeve. Thepassage is sized to fit the ball and pin to allow the screw mounted in athreaded section of the passage for adjustment against the safetyinsert. The safety insert is shaped to provide limited rotation travelby action of a recess formed in its forward surface. The safety insertin some embodiments is a ring mounted in safety sleeve 26 with pins toprevent its rotation. Safety insert 26 extends around the forward end ofthe assembled launcher, and includes external surfaces for gripping bythe user. The safety sleeve 26 mounts surrounding the barrel and bodysleeve to hold the safety insert in place at the aft end of the barreland hold an attachment mount 41 for mounting removable accessories tothe launcher with a screw mount thread 51 though the attachment mount.The attachment mount is retained by an attachment ring mount retainerring 43 contained in an attachment mount groove 46 in the safety sleeve26 at its forward open end.

The screw 52 is used to adjust the rotational tension of the safetysleeve with a turning tool used through an adjustment passage 50 in theattachment mount. A Detent ball 39 is mounted in a detent recess 42 inthe attachment mount and held against the safety sleeve by a detentspring 40 to provide indication of safe and fire operational positionsof the safety sleeve when it is in rotational alignment with theinitiation button or a safety recess in the barrel. At the aft end ofthe body sleeve is a nipple assembly retainer ring 44 and nippleretainer groove to mount and hold the nipple assembly 6 in the bodysleeve.

FIG. 2f is a photograph of the barrel assembly 4 in side view.Initiation button 29 and detent ball 39 can be seen through apertures insafety sleeve 26. FIG. 2g is a photograph of the attachment accessorymounting at the forward end of the barrel assembly 4, and generallylooking directly down the central axis of the barrel assembly. FIG. 2his a photograph of the aft open end of the body sleeve and barrelassembly.

FIG. 2i is a photograph of the separated components of the barrelassembly 4. The two pins for mounting into the two passages in thesafety insert to fix it against rotation with the safety sleeve areshown. The two screws for mounting into the threaded passages in theattachment mount to fix it against rotation with the barrel are shown.

FIG. 2j shows a Nipple Assembly Detail 6. FIG. 2j shows the initiationnipple 55 mounted by an interference fit to a nipple mount 58 in a multidiameter passage through the mount 58. The nipple holds in place arupture disk 59 which seals a nipple passage 65 communicating throughthe nipple against a shear support passage 66 through a disk shearsupport 60 so that upon excessive pressure the rupture disc will shearon release the pressure through the passage and out through a lanyardpassage 68 to prevent damage to the launcher.

The nipple mount is retained in a spring retainer 56 with a springretainer ring 63 mounted in a nipple mount groove 72 to hold a pressureindicating spring assembly 61 in place surrounding the nipple mount. Thenipple mount is assembled in a multi diameter passage through a bodyplug 57. A pressure indicating groove 69 is formed in the nipple mountat a diameter transition between the body of nipple mount and its endused to retain it from forward movement against the back end of the bodyplug. A spring retainer seal 64, usually an O-ring, is mounted in a bodyplug seal groove on the body plug, and a spring retainer seal, usuallyan O-ring, is mounted in a spring retainer groove 71 to seal the nippleassembly to the nozzle assembly during initiation and launching FIG. 2kis a photograph of the nipple assembly component from the side. FIG. 2lis a photograph of the nipple assembly from the nipple or front side.

FIG. 3 shows the initiation sequence of launching or firing the airblast or release of propelling gas with the launcher in the fireposition of the safety sleeve. First, the initiation button 29 is pushedall the way down. This releases the initiation ball 31 to move forwardinto a clearance area in the button. The movement of ball 31 releasesthe initiation pin 32 which (as best seen in FIG. 1) holds the nozzleassembly back by interference with a groove on the outside of the nozzleassembly (also as best seen in FIG. 1) the location of the pin 32 withinthe groove or recess 32 a holds the nozzle assembly 5 against the gaspressure in the charge volume 23 pressing on the initiation nipple 55.The pin 32 is free to move upward (as shown in FIG. 3) and the safetyball 33 can move backward in the barrel assembly when the launcher is onfire position.

As the nozzle assembly 5 moves forward, the gas seal (between the outerdiameter of nipple 55 and nipple seal 12) is broken by the relativemovement of the initiation nipple to the seal in the nozzle assembly.The gas within charging volume 23 is released in to an initiation volume73, pressurizing volume 73 and moving nozzle assembly 5 (along withnipple assembly 6), until the nozzle assembly forward motion is stoppedby a stop shoulder 74 contacting the back of the barrel 8-74 and theoutside of the pressure vessel.

FIG. 4 shows the stop shoulder 74 restraining the movement of the nippleassembly and the pressure vessel 8. The gas pressure in the initiationspace 73 continues to push on the aft cavity within the valve stop 9until the stop buffer 13 cushions and stops the relative movement of thenipple assembly 6 and it valve stop 9 against the back of the barrel 8.This relative forward movement of valve stop 9 (to which rod 7 isthreadably attached) relative to pressure vessel 8 achieves an openposition of the nozzle 24, created between the outer surface of rod 7and the inner diameter of the pressure vessel 8, releasing thepressurized gas through a nozzle passage 75 and into an expansionpassage 76 which speeds up the gas velocity as the pressure is reduced.It is understood that the expansion passage 75 as shown has anincreasing annular, cross sectional area in the direction of flow. Sincein some embodiments the pressure difference between the gas withincharging volume 23 and ambient conditions is sufficient for choked flow,this increasing area can result in an increase in flow velocity, and insome embodiments achieve supersonic exit velocity. However, yet otherembodiments of the invention are not so constructed, and the exit nozzle(corresponding to nozzle 24) can be of relatively constant annular crosssectional area, and in some embodiments provide a decreasing annularcross sectional area in the direction of gas flow. In comparing FIGS. 1,3, and 4, it can be seen that inner flow nozzle 3 extends from a mostinward position (FIG. 1) to an intermediate position (FIG. 3),immediately after initiation but before valve stop 9 is propelled towardpressure vessel 8. FIG. 4 shows a final, at rest condition in which theend of inner flow nozzle 3 extends out beyond the end of outer flownozzle 2 (and also past sharp edge 1).

FIG. 5 shows a device according to another embodiment Air Blast RingVortex Created Detail as the gas at high velocity passes the sharp edge1. Turbulence is created slowing the outer cone of the gas escaping thelauncher while the inner core of the gas remains at higher differentialvelocity. This action creates a ring vortex which travels to the targetand the escaping gas at supersonic velocity creates a loud sound.

FIG. 6 shows a device according to another embodiment ULMP O-ring Detailthe installation of an O-ring Ultra Low Mass Projectile on the innerflow nozzle 3 to create an accessory attachment transforming thelauncher into an ultra-low mass projectile launcher.

FIG. 7 shows the device of FIG. 6 when operating as an ultra-low massprojectile launcher using O-rings. Upon launching the air blast astraight gas flow 77 surrounds and flows of the end of the inner flownozzle expelling the one or more O-rings mounted to it at high velocitycreating a non-lethal ultra low mass blunt trauma projectile(s).

FIG. 8 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment Bottleand Sleeve Detail the components consisting of a standard water bottle80 that surrounds a water space 81 and has an attachment thread 82 forattaching to the device. Membrane seal 83 covers the bottle opening whenthe bottle cap is removed. Alternatively, a frangible seal could also bemounted to the weapon. The bottle fits into a bottle support sleeve 84,the interior of which is a structural support space 86 for the bottleand has a bottle mount passage allowing for installation completely overthe bottle with an bottle neck passage 85. Sleeve 84 reinforces thewater bottle along most of its length, but leaves open the end. Withthis strengthening, it is more likely that the over pressurization ofthe bottle (during weapon firing) will rupture the forwardmost end only.

FIG. 8d shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment Water Bottle in Sleeve, and shows a photo of the water mistattachment. FIG. 8e shows a device according to another embodimentLauncher Attachment Bottle Membrane Seal, and shows a photo of amembrane seal on the bottle.

FIGS. 9, 9 c, 10, 11, and 12 show a device according to anotherembodiment of a Launcher Attachment on a bottle 80. Support sleeve 84 isattached with the thread 82 to the attachment mount 41 of the front ofthe weapon.

FIG. 10 shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment mounted on the weapon. Initiation Detail show the initiationsequence of launching or firing the water mist upon the release ofpropelling gas with the launcher in the fire position of the safetysleeve. First the initiation button 29 is pushed all the way down. Thisreleases the initiation ball 31 to move forward into a clearance area,whereupon the movement of the ball releases the initiation pin 32 whichholds the pressurized assembly back by interface with a groove on theoutside of the pressurized assembly against the gas pressure in theinitiation volume 73 and pressing on the initiation nipple 55. The pinis free to move as the safety ball 33 can move backward in the barrelassembly when the launcher is on fire position. As the pressurizedassembly moves forward the gas seal is broken by the relative movementof the initiation nipple to the mating seal in the nozzle assembly, andthe gas is released in to the initiation volume 73, pressurizing it andmoving and translating it forward until the pressurized assembly isstopped by a stop shoulder 74 on the back of the barrel and the outsideof the pressure vessel as the forwardmost end of the rod pierces themembrane seal 83. Alternatively, some embodiments include a rupturablemembrane seal that is broken apart by gas pressure being released fromthe pressure vessel.

FIG. 11 shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment on The device Air Blast Release Detail. Flowing from thepressure vessel 8 is the gas pressure in the initiation space 73 pusheson the valve stop 9 until the stop buffer 13 cushions and stops themovement of the valve stop against the back of the barrel. This showsthe open position of the nozzle and the valve rod 7, releasing thepressurized gas through a nozzle passage 75 into the water space 81 bythe straight gas flow 77 under pressure to mix with the water in thebottle.

FIG. 12 shows the device of FIGS. 10 and 11. The pressure and flow ofthe air creates turbulent flow 90 in the water space 81 creating anaerated water 89 effect until the bottle bottom 91 splits open releasingthe water mist projectile 121.

FIG. 12a shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment Ruptured Bottle Bottom Side shows a photograph of the bottlebottom split aft the launch of the water. FIG. 12b shows a deviceaccording to another embodiment Launcher Attachment Ruptured BottleBottom Front shows the end of the bottle bottom with splits.

FIG. 13a shows a device according to another embodiment, a LauncherAttachment Aluminum Billet Sleeve. FIG. 13a is a side view of thesupport sleeve 84 for the water mist launcher attachment. FIG. 13b showsa device according to another embodiment Launcher Attachment AluminumBillet Sleeve Front and view.

FIG. 13d shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment Aluminum Billet Sleeve with Shoulder Mounting Side shows aphotograph of an embodiment of the water mist attachment accessory foruse with a shoulder mounting means. The container for the water bottleis shown mounted above a cylinder, to which is attached a vertical handgrip immediately behind a trigger. The trigger extends upward andcontacts the firing button of the weapon when installed (as best seen inFIG. 13f ). FIGS. 13d and 13e also show a shoulder stock.

FIG. 13e shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment Aluminum Billet Sleeve with Shoulder Mounting with a Thedevice Side view shows a photograph of the shoulder mount accessory withthe launcher attached.

FIG. 13f shows a device according to another embodiment LauncherAttachment Aluminum Billet Sleeve with Shoulder Mounting with The deviceTrigger Detail shows a photograph of the shoulder mount attachment andthe triggering rod interface with the initiation button of the launcher.

FIG. 14 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment Detailshows a mounting casing 97 usually made of structural plastic which hasan attachment mounting thread 101 for attaching to the device whichsurrounds an inlet flow director 100 for directing the gas flow from thelauncher to power the attachment through at least one inlet flow passage102 though the casing. The gas then is released behind an outer sabot 98mounted surrounding and able to slide on an inner sabot 94 and has atleast one outer sabot stop rib 107 at the forward end interface betweenthe sabots. The outer sabot stop rib(s) is limited in its forwardmovement by an outer sabot stop shoulder 108 on the inner sabot andretained the aft end of the outer sabot is retained at the aft interfaceof the inner sabot by a tight interference fit with the inner sabot anda seal lip 103 of the outer sabot interfacing with the end of the innerforward recess in the casing within such recess is travels and seals toin operation. The forward travel of the outer sabot in relation to theinner sabot uncovers a pressure release passage of the inner sabot torelieve propelling gas pressure when the outer sabot reaches the stopshoulder after the device is actuated by a propelling gas in order tosafely release the gas and the shape of the outer sabot safety directsthe released gas in the direction of a ring airfoil glider projectile 96removably attached to the outer sabot by at least one projectile snapgroove on the tail of the airfoil which tail and groove fit into aprojectile mount snap groove 105 on the outer sabot wherein it issupported by the groove and retained by the interface of the groove theairfoil tail so to prevent its release form the outer sabot and hold itin place radially on the sabot as the sabot is rotated by the action ofgas pressure on the seal lip of the sabot rotating the sabot as it movesalong at least one rifling 109 land on the inner surface of the casing.The inner sabot is mounted on a guide rod 95 through an inner sabot rodpassage 120 through the center of the inner sabot and at least on innersabot stop rib 110. The rod mounts to the casing with a rod mountingmeans alternatively a screw thread or molded in shoulder configurationbetween the rod and casing the forward end of the rod has rod stopshoulder 114 either built in as shown in the drawing or as a separatewasher which in either case a nose cover 93 forward of the shoulder thenose cover is closely attached to the rod by a stop screw 92 passingthrough a nose cover mounting passage 116 in the nose cover. The stopscrew is affixed to the rod with a thread or alternatively other strongattachment means may be used such as a rivet or welded connectionwithout used of screw threads to affix the retaining means like the stopscrew or rivet in place. The stop shoulder on the rod retains themovement of the inner sabot forward and the inner sabot is retainedduring non-operation by at least one folding ridge 113 by the cover.

FIG. 15 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Detail the attachment is mounted by the mounting case 97completely up against the attachment mount 41 of the launcher with thescrew attachment thread 51 interface and a rod flow director 117 isinstalled on the valve rod for use of the attachment.

FIG. 16 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Initiation Detail shows the initiation sequence of launching orfiring the air blast or release of propelling gas with the launcher inthe fire position of the safety sleeve. First the initiation button 29is pushed all the way down this releases the initiation ball 31 to moveforward into a clearance area in the button whereupon the movement ofthe ball releases the initiation pin 32 which holds the nozzle assemblyback by interface with a groove on the outside of the nozzle assemblyagainst the gas pressure in the charge volume pressing on the initiationnipple 55. The pin is free to move as the safety ball 33 can movebackward in the barrel assembly when the launcher is on fire position.As the nozzle assembly moves forward the gas seal is broken by therelative movement of the initiation nipple to is mating seal in thenozzle assembly and the gas is released in to an initiation volume 73pressurizing it until the nozzle assembly is stopped by a stop shoulder74 on the back of the barrel and the outside of the pressure vessel.

FIG. 17 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Air Blast Release Detail shows the gas pressure in the initiationspace 73 pushes on the valve stop 9 until the stop buffer 13 cushionsand stops the movement of the valve stop 9 against the back of thebarrel 8 which is the open position of the nozzle 24 and the valve rod 7releasing the pressurized gas through a nozzle passage 75 and into theinlet flow director 100 of the attachment whereupon the gas flows thoughinlet flow passage(s) to an expansion space 118 behind the sabotassembly of the inner and out sabot activating the seal lip 103.

FIG. 18 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Start of Projectile Launch Detail shows the pressurized gasflowing from the launcher into the 118 expansions space behind thesabots of the attachment pushes the sabots forward and rotates the outersabot 98 by pressing the seal lip 103 against the rifling 109 as thesabot moves forward. The inner sabot 94 collapses the nose cover 93 withcontact with the folding ridge(s) on the forward edge of the inner sabotas it moves forward on the guide rod forming one or more folded petal119 in the cover as it collapses into the inner sabot. This protects theprojectile from contact with the cover during launch.

FIG. 19 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Projectile Separation Detail upon the inner sabot 94 reaching theend of its travel on the guide rod 95 and the inner sabot stop rib(s)hits up against the rod stop shoulder 114 while the outer sabot 98 inits travel on the inner sabot by the outer sabot stop rib(s) 107 hits upagainst the outer shop shoulder 108 on the inner sabot the ring airfoilglider projectile 96 is released by the projectile snap groove 106 andits mating surface of the projectile mount snap groove 105 on the outersabot being overcome by the sudden shock of the outer sabot buttingagainst the stop shoulder. The cover is fully folded forming at leastone petal 119 in the inner sabot. As the outer sabot uncovers thepressure release passage 104 the pressure in the expansion space 118starts to be released and directed by the outer sabot forward over theforward outer surface of the inner sabot.

FIG. 20 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Stopping Sabot Detail as the ring airfoil glider projectile 96flies away the inner sabot stop rib(s) 110 crumple and decelerate theinner sabot 94 against the rod shop shoulder 114 while the outer sabotstop rib(s) crumple and decelerate the outer sabot 94 against outersabot stop shoulder 108 on the inner sabot while continuing to vent gasthrough the now fully uncovered pressure release passage uncovered bythe outer sabot on the inner sabot while the folded petal(s) 119 of thecover also help to decelerate the inner sabot.

FIG. 21 shows a device according to another embodiment Attachment on Thedevice Projectile in Flight Detail shows the ring airfoil gliderprojectile 96 in flight down range of the launching mechanism and theinner sabot 95 at rest on the guide rod 95 up against the rod stopshoulder 114; the cover is retained by the stop screw 92; the outersabot 98 is retained by the outer sabot stop shoulder 108 on the innersabot and the seal lip 103 of the outer sabot is stopped preferablyinside the 97 mounting case or near the cases terminus and the expansionspace 118 is fully vented of residual gas pressure.

Various aspects of different embodiments of the present invention areexpressed in paragraphs X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 as follows:

X1. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a non-lethal weapon.The weapon preferably includes a pressurized assembly including apressure vessel, a first plug, and a second plug located at least inpart within the pressure vessel and attached to the first plug. Theweapon preferably includes that the pressure vessel has a distal openingand a proximal opening and a first chamber therebetween adapted andconfigured to hold therein gas under pressure; the first plug having aforward end that slidingly couples to the proximal opening of theproximal end of the pressure vessel, the first plug being slidablerelative to the pressure vessel between first and second positions; thesecond plug having a forward end that seals with the opening of thedistal end of the pressure vessel in the first position and alsoattaches to the first plug. The first or second plug includes apassageway that provides fluid communication from the first chamber toaft of the first plug. The application of gas pressure from the firstchamber through the passageway to the second chamber pushes the firstplug and the second plug to the second position relative to the pressurevessel, and in the second position the forward end of the second plugmoves out of sealing with the first opening and permits the release ofthe pressurized gas from the first opening.

X2. Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a non-lethalweapon. The weapon preferable includes a pressurized assembly includinga pressure vessel, a separable first plug, and a separable second plug,the second plug being located at least in part within the pressurevessel and attached to the first plug. The weapon preferably includes anactuatable trigger mechanism for the hand of a user, the trigger beingadapted and configured to permit movement of the pressurized assemblyrelative to the trigger between a safe location and a firing location,the trigger mechanism being actuatable between a safe positionrestraining the movement of the pressurized assembly and a firingposition permitting the movement of the pressurized assembly. The weaponpreferably includes the pressure vessel having a distal end with a firstopening and a proximal end with a second opening and a first chambertherebetween adapted and configured to hold therein gas under pressure.The first plug has a forward end that sealingly couples to the openingof the proximal end of the pressure vessel and an aft end, the aft endincluding a passageway providing fluid communication from the firstchamber to the exterior of the first plug. The second plug has a forwardend that seals with the opening of the distal end of the pressure vesselin the first position and an aft end that attaches to the first plug.The weapon preferably includes means for biasing the pressurizedassembly from the safe location to the firing location; the biasingmeans being at least one of gas pressure or a spring.

X3. Yet another aspect of the present invention pertains to a non-lethalweapon. The weapon preferably includes a pressurized assembly includinga pressure vessel defining a chamber adapted and configured to holdtherein gas under pressure and having an aperture, and a separable plugsealingly received in the aperture, the plug being movable relative tothe pressure vessel between sealed and unsealed locations. The weaponpreferably includes an actuatable trigger mechanism adapted andconfigured for the hand of a user, the trigger mechanism beingactuatable between a safe position maintaining the plug in a sealinglocation and a firing position permitting the plug to move to anunsealed location. The weapon preferably includes an outer nozzle memberhaving an inner surface. The weapon preferably includes an inner nozzlemember having an outer surface. The inner member is located within theouter member, the inner surface and the outer surface coacting to form agaspath; wherein the plug moves forward from the sealed location to theunsealed location when the trigger mechanism is actuated to the firingposition and releases gas from the pressure vessel to flow between theinner member and the outer member.

X4. Another embodiment of the present invention pertains to a non-lethalweapon. The weapon preferably includes a pressurized assembly includinga pressure vessel defining a chamber adapted and configured to holdtherein gas under pressure and having an aperture, and a separable plugsealingly received in the aperture, the plug being movable relative tothe pressure vessel between sealed and unsealed locations. The weaponpreferably includes an actuatable trigger mechanism adapted andconfigured for the hand of a user, the trigger mechanism beingactuatable between a safe position and a firing position. The weaponincludes a threaded fitting located in front of the plug. The weaponpreferably includes a container having a threaded inlet and defining avolume for holding a supply of liquid, the threaded inlet of thecontainer being threadably connected to the threaded fitting of thehandle; wherein the plug moves forward from the sealed location to theunsealed location when the trigger mechanism is actuated to the firingposition and releases gas from the pressure vessel to flow into thevolume.

X5. Yet another aspect of the present invention pertains to a non-lethalweapon. The weapon preferably includes a pressurized assembly includinga pressure vessel defining a chamber adapted and configured to holdtherein gas under pressure and having an aperture, and a separable plugsealingly received in the aperture, the plug being movable relative tothe pressure vessel between sealed and unsealed locations. The weaponpreferably includes an actuatable trigger mechanism. The weapon supportsa housing containing a munition supported by a pressure-actuated sabot,the sabot being slidably actuatable within the housing from a storageposition to a launched position; wherein the plug moves forward from thesealed location to the unsealed location when the trigger mechanism isactuated to the firing position and releases gas from the pressurevessel to actuate the sabot and the sabot launches the munition.

Yet other embodiments pertain to any of the previous statements X1, X2,X3, X4, or X5 which are combined with one or more of the following otheraspects. It is also understood that any of the aforementioned Xparagraphs include listings of individual features that can be combinedwith individual features of other X paragraphs.

Wherein the forward end of the second plug projects a forward surfacearea, and the forward end of the first plug projects an aft surfacearea, and the aft surface area is greater than the forward surface area.

Wherein the forward end of the second plug abuts the distal end of thepressure vessel, the second plug being placed in tension when the firstchamber is pressurized and the first plug and the second plug are in thefirst position.

Wherein the pressurized assembly is slidable relative to the handlebetween a safe location and a firing location.

Wherein in the second position the forward end and the first openingform a nozzle having an increasing cross-sectional area in the directionof gas flow.

Wherein the forward end is conically shaped and the first opening has acomplimentary conical shape.

Wherein the pressure vessel and the first plug are slidable in the firstposition as a unit relative to the handle.

Wherein the aft end of the second plug is threadably coupled to thefirst plug. Wherein the gas is pressurized to more than 200 psig atstandard temperature and pressure conditions.

Wherein the biasing means moves the pressurized assembly from the safelocation toward the firing location when the trigger mechanism isactuated to the firing position.

Which further comprises a third plug supported by the handle and beingsealingly engaged with the passageway when the pressurized assembly isin the safe location.

Wherein movement of the pressurized assembly to toward the firinglocation moves the third plug out of sealing engagement.

Wherein the trigger mechanism includes a movable travel stop, and thepressurized assembly including an exterior feature that abuts the travelstop in the safe position.

Wherein the exterior feature is a groove.

Wherein the exterior feature is a shoulder.

Wherein the biasing means is gas pressure.

Wherein the gas pressure is provided from the first chamber.

Wherein the biasing means is a spring.

Wherein the first plug is slidable relative to the pressure vessel.

Wherein at least one of the outer member or the inner member includes adistally located sharp lip that protrudes into the gas path.

Which further comprises at least one elastomeric band surrounding theouter surface of the inner member, the band flying off of the innermember upon the release of gas.

Wherein the inner surface of the outer nozzle member includes a sharplip that protrudes into the gaspath.

Wherein the outer member has a front face, and the sharp lip is locatedproximate the front face and aft of the front face.

Wherein the pressure vessel is axisymmetric, and the axes of thepressure vessel, the outer member, and the inner member coincide.

Wherein in the unsealed location the plug and the aperture coact tocreate a divergent nozzle.

Wherein the inner surface and the outer surface coact to create adivergent nozzle.

Wherein the pressure vessel, the plug, the inner member, and the outermember are concentric about the same centerline.

Wherein the movement of the plug is axial movement.

Wherein the inner member has a front face, the outer member has a frontface, and the front face of the inner member is aft of the front face ofthe outer member in the sealed location.

Wherein the front face of the inner member is forward of the front faceof the outer member in the unsealed location.

Wherein the inner surface is conically divergent in the direction of gasflow.

Wherein the outer surface is conically divergent in the direction of gasflow, and the divergence angle of the outer surface is less than thedivergence angle of the inner surface.

Wherein the outer surface is conically divergent in the direction of gasflow

Wherein the plug includes a check valve for refilling the first chamber.

Wherein the outer surface of the inner nozzle member includes a sharplip that protrudes into the gaspath.

Wherein the inner member has a front face, and the sharp lip locatedproximate the front face and aft of the front face.

Wherein the handle includes a generally cylindrical outer surface, thevolume is a cylindrically shaped open volume adapted and configured toreceive therein a cylindrical closed volume bottle having a secondinlet, the second inlet being in fluid communication with the threadedinlet.

Wherein the container is supported by a gripping handle.

Wherein the container is supported by a shoulder stock for reacting thefiring load of the weapon against the body of the user.

Wherein the volume is a closed volume and the container is a plasticbottle.

Wherein the volume is a closed volume and the release of gas into theclosed volume ruptures the container.

Wherein the volume is a closed volume and the container includes a checkvalve on a side of the container generally opposite of the threadedinlet, and the release of gas into the closed volume causes the checkvalve to open and release the water from the closed volume.

Wherein the gas flows between the plug and the aperture.

Wherein the threaded fitting of the handle includes internal threads.

Which further comprises a seal spanning the annular interface betweenthe plug and the aperture, the seal preventing flow of water into thechamber, the seal permitting the release of gas from the aperture.

Which further comprises a replaceable frangible seal, the sealpreventing flow of water into the chamber when the trigger mechanism isin the safe position, the seal rupturing from contact with the plug whenthe trigger mechanism is actuated to the firing position.

Which further comprises a movable seal, the seal preventing flow ofwater into the chamber when the trigger mechanism is in the safeposition, the seal moving to permit the release of gas from the aperturewhen the plug moves to the unsealed location.

Wherein the munition is a ring airfoil.

Wherein the sabot is a first sabot in contact with the aft end of themunition, the munition includes an open interior, and wherein thehousing contains a second pressure-actuated sabot supported within theopen interior and being slidable from a storage position to a launchedposition and the release gas from the pressure vessel to actuates thesecond sabot.

wherein the first sabot is slidably guided by the second sabot, and thesecond sabot includes a stop to limit the sliding motion of the firstsabot.

which further comprises a frangible cap covering the distal end of thehousing, wherein in the launched position the second sabot contacts andruptures the cap to release the munition from the housing.

Wherein the container for liquid is a plastic water bottle, and whichfurther comprises a close fitting sleeve extending along most of thelength of the bottle, but not covering the forward end of the bottle (asinstalled on the weapon, otherwise the bottom of the bottle).

1-8. (canceled)
 9. A non-lethal weapon, comprising: a pressurizedassembly including a pressure vessel defining a chamber adapted andconfigured to hold therein gas under pressure and having an aperture,and a separable plug sealingly received in the aperture, said plug beingmovable relative to said pressure vessel between sealed and unsealedlocations; a handle with an actuatable trigger mechanism adapted andconfigured for the hand of a user, said trigger mechanism beingactuatable between a safe position maintaining said plug in a sealinglocation and a firing position permitting the plug to move to anunsealed location; an axisymmetric outer nozzle member having an innersurface and being supported by said handle; and an axisymmetric innernozzle member having an outer surface and being coupled to said plug andmovable with said plug, said inner member being located within saidouter member, the inner surface and the outer surface coacting to form agaspath having a variable cross sectional area that increases in thedirection of gas flow; wherein said plug moves forward from the sealedlocation to the unsealed location when said trigger mechanism isactuated to the firing position and releases gas from the pressurevessel to flow between said inner member and said outer member.
 10. Theweapon of claim 9 wherein at least one of said outer member or saidinner member includes a distally located sharp lip that protrudes intothe gas path.
 11. The weapon of claim 9 wherein the inner surface isconically divergent in the direction of gas flow.
 12. The weapon ofclaim 11 wherein the outer surface is conically divergent in thedirection of gas flow, and the divergence angle of the outer surface isless than the divergence angle of the inner surface.
 13. A non-lethalweapon, comprising: a pressurized assembly including a pressure vesseldefining a chamber adapted and configured to hold therein gas underpressure and having an aperture, and a separable plug sealingly receivedin the aperture, said plug being movable relative to said pressurevessel between sealed and unsealed locations; a handle with anactuatable trigger mechanism adapted and configured for the hand of auser, said trigger mechanism being actuatable between a safe positionmaintaining said plug in a sealing location and a firing positionpermitting the plug to move to an unsealed location, said handlesupporting a threaded fitting located in front of said plug; and acontainer having a threaded inlet and defining a volume for holding asupply of liquid, the threaded inlet of said container being threadablyconnected to the threaded fitting of said handle; wherein said plugmoves forward from the sealed location to the unsealed location whensaid trigger mechanism is actuated to the firing position and releasesgas from the pressure vessel to flow into the volume. 14-20. (canceled)